{"id":4092,"date":"2021-12-04T22:28:48","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:28:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4092"},"modified":"2021-12-04T22:28:48","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:28:48","slug":"platon-adevaratul-rege-al-filozofiei-grecesti-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/platon-adevaratul-rege-al-filozofiei-grecesti-2\/","title":{"rendered":"PLATON – adev\u0103ratul rege al filozofiei grece\u0219ti"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:<\/b>\u00a0s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 427 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een Atena, octogenar, a decedat \u00een anul 347 \u00ee.Hr..<\/span><\/div>\n
A fost vechi filozof al Greciei antice, discipolul lui Socrate \u0219i fondatorul Academiei din Atena. Al\u0103turi de profesorul s\u0103u, Socrate, \u0219i de cel mai cunoscut student al s\u0103u, Aristotel, Platon a pus bazele filosofiei Occidentale \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bei.<\/span><\/div>\n
Este cel dint\u00e2i filosof de la care au r\u0103mas scrieri complete: 35 de dialoguri \u0219i 13 scrisori . El a creat specia literar\u0103 a dialogului, \u00een care problemele filosofice sunt abordate prin discu\u021bia dintre mai mul\u021bi interlocutori, Socrate fiind cel mai adesea personajul principal. Dialogurile sale sunt adev\u0103rate capodopere filosofico-literare, ne\u00eentrecute prin frumuse\u021bea \u0219i profunzimea lor.<\/span><\/div>\n
Cercet\u0103torii operelor sale \u00eempart dialogurile \u00een trei categorii, conform perioadelor de evolu\u021biei sufleteasc\u0103 a filosofului: dialogurile scrise \u00een tinere\u021be, numite “socratice” (\u201eAp\u0103rarea lui Socrate, Euthyphron, Criton, Protagoras, Ion, Laches, Lysis, Charmides , Republica \u201d<\/i>(cartea I), dialoguri de maturitate(\u201eBanchetul, Phaidon, Phaidros, Republica\u201d\u00a0<\/i>(c\u0103r\u0163ile II \u2013 X) \u0219i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, dialoguri de b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be(\u201eTheaitetos, Parmenide, Sofistul, Timaios, Omul politic, Philebos, Critias, Legile\u201d).<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 lucrarea a sa r\u0103m\u00e2ne, \u00eens\u0103\u00a0\u201eRepublica\u201d<\/b>\u00a0, o lucrare influent\u0103 de filozofie \u0219i de teorie politic\u0103. \u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, filosoful dezbate un subiect mai degrab\u0103 politic, dec\u00e2t filosofic, vorbe\u0219te despre organizarea statului-model, adic\u0103 despre organizarea cet\u0103\u0163ii ideale. Platon sus\u0163ine ideea conform c\u0103reia cei mai buni trebuie s\u0103 guverneze, \u0219i aici, se face referire la omul educat \u0219i adept al principiilor esen\u021bial umane: binele, dreptatea, adev\u0103rul.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen\u00a0\u201eRepublica\u201d<\/b>, Platon trateaz\u0103 patru teme politico-religioase fundamentale: Constitu\u0163ia statului ideal, mediul favorabil dezvolt\u0103rii politice, principiile ideale ale statului \u015fi tipologia regimurilor politice.<\/span><\/div>\n
Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 cititorului este \u00eens\u0103, probabil, Cartea a \u0219aptea. din \u201eRepublica\u201d \u00een care reg\u0103sim\u00a0,,mitul pe\u0219terii\u201d<\/i>.\u00a0Mitul pe\u015fterii<\/b>\u00a0este o alegorie despre condi\u0163ia uman\u0103, despre cunoa\u0219tere, despre adev\u0103rata lumin\u0103 interioar\u0103, despre adev\u0103r, fericire \u015fi nefericire.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201e\u00cen aceast\u0103 lucrare, Platon \u00ee\u015fi imagineaz\u0103 c\u0103 noi suntem n\u0103scu\u0163i \u00eentr-o pe\u015fter\u0103 \u00eentunecoas\u0103, lega\u0163i de m\u00e2ini \u015fi de picioare, \u00eenl\u0103n\u021bui\u021bi, cu capul \u00een jos, spre p\u0103m\u00e2nt. Aceast\u0103 pozi\u0163ie nu ne permite s\u0103 privim nici \u00een st\u00e2nga, nici \u00een dreapta, ci doar spre propriile noastre fiin\u0163e mizerabile. Lipsa luminii din pe\u015fter\u0103 nu ne permite s\u0103-i distingem clar pe cei din jurul nostru pe care \u00eei vedem doar ca ni\u015fte umbre. \u015ei totu\u015fi, noi tr\u0103im cu iluzia c\u0103 aceasta este lumea perfect\u0103, real\u0103, \u0219i c\u0103<\/i>\u00a0altceva nu poate exista. Filosoful, expert \u00een arta contempla\u0163iei, reu\u015fe\u015fte, \u00eens\u0103, s\u0103 rup\u0103 lan\u0163urile \u015fi s\u0103 escaladeze peretele pe\u015fterii pentru a privi \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 realitatea lucrurilor din lumea necunoscut\u0103 oamenilor, imaginat\u0103 ca locul \u00een care se afl\u0103 soarele. Dup\u0103 c\u00e2teva minute de contempla\u0163ie, lumina puternic\u0103 a soarelui \u00eei orbe\u015fte ochii \u015fi cade din nou \u00een pe\u015fter\u0103. Re\u00eentors aici, poveste\u015fte concet\u0103\u0163enilor s\u0103i realit\u0103\u0163ile contemplate \u015fi frumuse\u0163ea lor. Nimeni \u00eens\u0103 nu-l ia \u00een serios, ba, mai mult, \u00eel condamn\u0103 la moarte.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Inten\u0163ia lui Platon \u00een aceast\u0103 lucrare este aceea de a trezi con\u015ftiin\u0163a cititorilor s\u0103i asupra realit\u0103\u0163ilor sensibile, religioase, spirituale, pe care lumea material\u0103 nu ne permite s\u0103 le \u00eentrez\u0103rim at\u00e2t timp c\u00e2t suntem condamna\u0163i s\u0103 tr\u0103im doar \u00een \u00eentuneric \u015fi necredin\u0163\u0103. Contempla\u0163ia realit\u0103\u0163ilor spirituale, via\u0163a adev\u0103rat\u0103 promis\u0103 de Dumnezeu omului ne permit s\u0103 sc\u0103p\u0103m de lan\u0163urile sclaviei noastre \u015fi s\u0103 ne \u00een\u0103l\u0163\u0103m, trup \u015fi suflet, spre bunurile cere\u015fti. Acesta este rolul Filosofului-Rege, de aceea el singur este capabil s\u0103 guverneze statul\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(conform Ierom. Lucian D\u00eenc\u0103 \u00een articolul \u201e\u00a0Politic\u0103 \u015fi religie \u00een \u201eRepublica\u201c lui Platon).<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
A\u0219adar, Mitul pe\u015fterii este o pledoarie pentru adev\u0103ratele valori umane, un \u00eendemn, pentru fiecare om, de a porni \u00een marea c\u0103l\u0103torie c\u0103tre sine \u00eensu\u015fi.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Platon\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Provenea dintr-o familie \u00eenst\u0103rit\u0103, o familie aristrocrat\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Numele lui adev\u0103rat se presupune c\u0103 a fost Aristocle (\u1f08\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2), ceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201ecea mai bun\u0103 reputa\u021bie\u201d, dar apelativul Platon \u00eel prime\u0219te la maturitate, fiind o porecl\u0103. Conform biografului Diogene Laer\u021biu se pare c\u0103 ar fi primit acest nume pentru pieptul \u0219i umerii lui la\u021bi, fiind un b\u0103rbat destul de atletic.<\/span><\/div>\n
Marsilio Ficino, filosoful italian renascentist, care a adus \u00een lumin\u0103 \u0219i sub analiz\u0103 scrierile lui Platon, imagineaz\u0103 o frumoas\u0103 poveste din copil\u0103ria lui Platon, el aminte\u0219te c\u0103 pe buzele copilului albinele ar fi picurat miere, de aici, \u0219i aprecierea fa\u021b\u0103 de cuvintele marelui filosof care manevra cu m\u0103iestrie cuvintele.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen jurul v\u00e2rstei de 20 de ani, Platon l-a cunoscut pe b\u0103tr\u00e2nul \u0219i \u00een\u021beleptul Socrate, devenind membru al grupului de discipoli organizat \u00een jurul marelui filosof al cet\u0103\u021bii. Platon \u0219i-a iubit maestrul \u0219i a suferit c\u0103 nu a putut s\u0103-\u0219i salveze mentorul de la moartea crud\u0103 \u0219i necinstit\u0103. O parte din via\u021ba sa o dedic\u0103 b\u0103tr\u00e2nului \u00een\u021belept pe care \u00eel transform\u0103 \u00een protagonistul lucr\u0103rii sale \u201eBanchetul\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Diogene Laer\u021biu \u00een biografia dedicat\u0103 filosofului atenian vorbe\u0219te \u0219i despre modul de a tr\u0103i al lui Platon: se spune c\u0103 acesta a tr\u0103it celibat \u0219i sobru.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen tinere\u021be, nu a fost v\u0103zut niciodat\u0103 r\u00e2z\u00e2nd dec\u00e2t \u00eentr-un mod modest, de asemenea, nu a fost v\u0103zut sup\u0103rat, a m\u00e2ncat o dat\u0103 sau de dou\u0103 ori pe zi \u0219i a dormit singur. Avea \u00eenclina\u021bii iubitoare fa\u021b\u0103 de tineri, pe care le-a restric\u021bionat ra\u021bional.<\/span><\/div>\n
A c\u0103utat s\u0103-\u0219i lase amintirea \u00een sufletul prietenilor \u0219i \u00een c\u0103r\u021bi. Era melancolic \u0219i profund, de\u0219i deseori glumea \u0219i nu uita s\u0103 fie amabil \u0219i distins. De asemenea, cuget\u0103torul Platon s-a f\u0103cut admirat \u0219i iubit prin elocven\u021ba, \u00een\u021belepciunea \u0219i autoritatea g\u00e2ndirii sale, acesta afl\u00e2ndu-se mereu \u00een slujba adev\u0103rului.<\/span><\/div>\n
Marsilio Ficino \u00een studiile sale f\u0103cute asupra marelui dialectician grec vorbe\u0219te despre evlavia lui Platon, care l-a recunoscut pe Dumnezeu ca fiind protectorul \u0219i idealul s\u0103u spiritual, dar \u0219i despre dragostea \u0219i aprecierea pe care o purta lui Socrate.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dat fiind c\u0103 Socrate nu a scris nimic, Platon hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te (la fel \u0219i istoricul Xenofon) s\u0103 consemneze g\u00e2ndirea filosofic\u0103 a maestrului s\u0103u. Astfel, se va na\u0219te lucrarea intitulat\u0103\u00a0\u201eBanchetul\u201d,<\/b>\u00a0lucrare ce con\u021bine discursuri pe diferite subiecte filosofice, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een prim plan se afl\u0103 iubirea care este sentimentul definitoriu pentru condi\u021bia omului. Platon consider\u0103 c\u0103 orice dragoste adev\u0103rat\u0103 este dragostea de cele adev\u0103rate, dorin\u021ba de a face mereu bine, de a oferi bun\u0103tate necondi\u021bionat celor din jur. Mai mult, filosoful grec caut\u0103 s\u0103 sublinieze c\u0103 oamenii vor s\u0103 fie mereu ferici\u021bi \u0219i, atunci c\u00e2nd se simt ferici\u021bi, nu mai au nevoie de nimic altceva. Iubirea nu este doar dorin\u021ba de a poseda, este dorin\u021ba omului de a poseda \u0219i de a p\u0103stra pentru totdeauna ceea ce \u00eel face fericit.<\/span><\/div>\n
Iat\u0103 cum este definit\u0103 iubirea \u00een \u201eBanchetul\u201d pornind de la discursurile invita\u021bilor la petrecere:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201eA iubi \u00eenseamn\u0103 nu numai a te \u00eemplini \u00een cel\u0103lalt, ci \u015fi a-l ajuta pe cel\u0103lalt s\u0103 se \u00eemplineasc\u0103 potrivit propriei sale legi interioare.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u201e\u00cendeob\u015fte vorbind, dorin\u0163a de bine \u015fi de fericire, \u00een toate formele ei, aceasta este pentru toat\u0103 lumea”marea \u015fi ademenitoarea iubire”. Numai c\u0103 despre cei mai mul\u0163i, de\u015fi \u00eensufle\u0163i\u0163i tot de iubire, dar urm\u0103rind tot felul de alte \u0163eluri, dob\u00e2ndirea de averi, puterea trupului, cunoa\u015fterea, nu se spune c\u0103 iubesc \u015fi c\u0103 sunt \u00eendr\u0103gosti\u0163i, \u00een timp ce aceia mai pu\u0163ini, care n\u0103zuiesc c\u0103tre bine pe o singur\u0103 cale anume, se \u00eenst\u0103p\u00e2nesc pe numele \u00eentregului dorin\u0163ei, acela de iubire, \u015fi sunt numi\u0163i iubitori \u015fi \u00eendr\u0103gosti\u0163i.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u201eMuritorii caut\u0103 mereu, at\u00e2t c\u00e2t le st\u0103 \u00een putin\u0163\u0103, perpetuarea \u015fi nemurirea; s\u0103 nu te miri deci c\u0103 orice fiin\u0163\u0103 \u00ee\u015fi iube\u015fte progenitura, deoarece, de dragul nemuririi fiecare depune aceast\u0103 str\u0103duin\u0163\u0103 \u015fi aceast\u0103 iubire.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u201eDragostea este dorin\u0163a fierbinte care ne coboar\u0103 la cea mai josnic\u0103 stric\u0103ciune sau ne poate ridica la cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 fericire.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Ceea ce re\u021binem din discursurile \u201eBanchetului\u201d\u00a0<\/b>este c\u0103 exist\u0103 mai multe tipuri de dragoste. Pe de o parte, cea prin care omul iube\u0219te frumuse\u021bea unui corp, o frumuse\u021be particular\u0103, unic\u0103, dar care reprezint\u0103 cel mai de jos nivel al sentimentului de iubire fiindc\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd va descoperi un alt corp cu o alt\u0103 frumuse\u021be, fiin\u021ba uman\u0103 va dispre\u021bui cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 ceea ce a admirat ini\u021bial. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, se vorbe\u0219te despre dragostea \u00een\u0103l\u021b\u0103toare, care se tr\u0103ie\u0219te atunci c\u00e2nd omul va iubi frumuse\u021bea unui suflet \u0219i va considera sufletul mai presus de frumuse\u021bea fizic\u0103, prin acest tip de tr\u0103ire, omul va descoperi iubirea adev\u0103rat\u0103, respectiv Binele suprem din fapte. Se aminte\u0219te \u0219i de iubirea vulgar\u0103, cea care caut\u0103 aventura sau opusul acesteia, iubirea celest\u0103, c\u00e2nd ambii parteneri sunt \u00eendr\u0103gosti\u021bi unul de altul.<\/span><\/div>\n
Platon a fost de asemenea matematician \u015fi fondatorul Academiei din Atena, prima institu\u0163ie de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2nt superior din lumea occidental\u0103. Academia platonic\u0103 a fost o \u015fcoal\u0103 filozofic\u0103 idealist\u0103, \u00eentemeiat\u0103 de Platon \u00een jurul anului 387 \u00ee.e.n. \u201eIat\u0103 \u00eemprejur\u0103rile, pe jum\u0103tate \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103toare, \u00een care se \u00eentemeia institu\u021bia de cultur\u0103 filosofic\u0103 platonician\u0103 sortit\u0103 s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte nou\u0103 secole: Academia, \u0219i care avea s\u0103 exercite o influen\u021b\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 egal, timp de milenii, asupra vie\u021bii spirituale a \u00eentregii lumii civilizate. Platon a tr\u0103it aici tot restul vie\u021bii, timp de patruzeci de ani, afar\u0103 de dou\u0103 scurte \u00eentreruperi. Se<\/i>\u00a0admite c\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din timpul s\u0103u Academia ar fi devenit o \u0219coal\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 Platon ar fi predat \u00eentr-\u00eensa filosofia. O \u0219coal\u0103 va fi fost ea, negre\u0219it, \u00eens\u0103 ca nici una din timpul nostru. Elevii care o frecventau erau mai mult oameni forma\u021bi, atra\u0219i de amici\u021bia pentru Platon, iar al\u021bii de renumele s\u0103u. Se pare c\u0103 uneori, travestite \u00een haine b\u0103rb\u0103te\u0219ti, veneau \u0219i femei. \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul care era mai mult oral, era condus de Platon, la \u00eenceput cel pu\u021bin, \u0219i consta de preferin\u021b\u0103 din conversa\u021bii libere.<\/i>\u00a0Cu timpul, se pare c\u0103 au \u00eenceput a se face cercet\u0103ri \u0219tiin\u021bifice personale de c\u0103tre familiarii institu\u021biei. Le va fi \u00eenceput cel pu\u021bin Aristotel, \u00een cele doua decenii, c\u00e2t a frecventat-o”<\/i>\u00a0(citat extras din \u201ePLATON. Filosofia dialogurilor” de Alexandru Posescu).<\/span><\/div>\n
Academia a func\u0163ionat p\u00een\u0103 \u00een anul 129 \u00ee.e.n., transform\u00e2ndu-se dup\u0103 aceea \u00eentr-o \u015fcoal\u0103 eclectic\u0103. Anul 529, c\u00e2nd aceast\u0103 \u015fcoal\u0103 a fost definitiv \u00eenchis\u0103, marcheaz\u0103 formal sf\u00eer\u015fitul istoriei filosofiei antice (wikipedia, enciclopedia liber\u0103).<\/span><\/div>\n
Platon a tr\u0103it 80 de ani, exist\u0103 dou\u0103 variante asupra modului \u00een care s-a stins demnul grec: unii spun c\u0103 ar fi murit \u00een timp ce scria, iar al\u021bii povestesc c\u0103 Platon s-ar fi aflat la un banchet de nunt\u0103 \u0219i c\u0103 \u021binea un discurs. Moartea lui Platon ca \u0219i cea a lui Socrate a adus mare durere \u00een cetatea Atenei, Aristotel ridic\u00e2nd \u00een cinstea maestrului s\u0103u un altar \u00een mijlocul c\u0103ruia trona statuia lui Platon.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Diogenes Laertios, \u201eDespre vie\u021bile \u0219i doctrinele filosofilor\u201d, Editura Paideia, 2017;<\/span><\/div>\n
Platon, \u201eDialoguri socratice\u201d, Editura Humanitas, Bucure\u0219ti, 2019;<\/span><\/div>\n
Platon, \u201eBanchetul \u0219i alte dialoguri\u201d, Editura Gramar, Bucure\u0219ti, 2018;<\/span><\/div>\n
Platon, \u201eOeuvres completes\u201d, traduit par M.V.Cousin;<\/span><\/div>\n
Posescu Alexandru, \u201ePLATON. Filosofia dialogurilor\u201d, Editura Garamond, 2003;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republica_(Platon)<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/44690112.pdf<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.britannica.com<\/a>\u00a0https:\/\/ro.edustanford.com\/5796053-marsilio-ficino<\/a>\u00a0\/biography\/Plato;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ziarullumina.ro\/…\/politica-si-religie-in…<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/podcastmeditatii.com\/blog\/plato<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a0s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 427 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een Atena, octogenar, a decedat \u00een anul 347 \u00ee.Hr.. 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