{"id":4084,"date":"2021-12-04T22:20:28","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:20:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4084"},"modified":"2021-12-04T22:23:10","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:23:10","slug":"platon-adevaratul-rege-al-filozofiei-grecesti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/platon-adevaratul-rege-al-filozofiei-grecesti\/","title":{"rendered":"GEOFFREY CHAUCER \u2013 ultimul poet al evului mediu \u0219i primul poet al noilor timpuri"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:\u00a0<\/b>s-a n\u0103scut \u00een jurul anului 1343, \u00een Londra, Regatul Angliei, \u0219i va deceda \u00een anul 1400, la v\u00e2rsta de 57 de ani.<\/span><\/div>\n
Provine dintr-o familie de oameni \u00eenst\u0103ri\u021bi, tat\u0103l s\u0103u a fost negustor de vinuri, tr\u0103g\u00e2ndu-se dintr-o familie de francezi stabili\u021bi \u00een Anglia dup\u0103 cucerirea normand\u0103. T\u00e2n\u0103rul Chaucer va beneficia de rela\u021biile folositoare ale tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, cunoscut \u00een r\u00e2ndul aristrocra\u021biei, astfel, la v\u00e2rsta de 17 ani, va fi numit paj la curtea regelui Eduard al III-lea, f\u00e2c\u00e2nd parte din suita contesei de Ulster, so\u021bia celui de al treilea fiu al regelui Eduard al III-lea. Prin prezen\u021ba la curtea acestei gospod\u0103rii regale, t\u00e2n\u0103rul va beneficia de o educa\u021bie \u00eenalt\u0103, studiind \u00een preajma unor c\u0103rturari ale\u0219i.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00censetat de cultur\u0103, are acces la opere literare, filosofice, istorice \u0219i \u0219tiin\u021bifice, va \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba limba anglo-normand\u0103, latina, franceza \u0219i italiana. Se va instrui \u0219i \u00een domeniile \u0219tiin\u021belor exacte: medicin\u0103, fizic\u0103, alchimie \u0219i astronomie, \u00eens\u0103, cel mai aproape de sufletul s\u0103u va fi literatura, mai exact, poezia.<\/span><\/div>\n
Activitatea literar\u0103 a lui Geoffrey Chaucer st\u0103 sub influen\u021ba poeziei franceze, apoi sub semnul scriitorilor italieni renascenti\u0219ti (Dante, Petrarca \u0219i Boccaccio), aceste descoperiri literare f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-le \u0219i \u00een timpul c\u0103l\u0103toriilor pe care este nevoit s\u0103 le \u00eentreprind\u0103 de-a-lungul vie\u021bii, fiind trimis \u00een misiuni diplomatice \u00een \u021b\u0103ri precum: Flandra (regiune \u00een Belgia), Fran\u021ba sau Italia.<\/span><\/div>\n
Geoffrey Chaucer a scris \u00een limba englez\u0103, \u00eentr-un moment \u00een care latina era considerat\u0103 grammatica sau limba care nu se va schimba, de\u0219i, majoritatea englezilor din clasa superioar\u0103 vorbeau franceza. Procedeul literar preferat de c\u0103tre poetul englez va fi alegoria, scriitorul prelu\u00e2nd acest element de produc\u021bie literar\u0103 din crea\u021biile scriitorilor francezi ale c\u0103ror opere le va traduce (o oper\u0103 particular\u0103 pentru Chaucer r\u0103m\u00e2ne \u201eRomanul trandafirului<\/i>\u201d, pe care \u00eel va traduce din francez\u0103 \u00een englez\u0103, acest amplu poem con\u021bin\u00e2nd peste 20 000 de versuri, fiind scris de Guillaume de Lorris \u00een 1237 \u0219i terminat de Jean de Meung c\u0103tre 1277). Alegoria este o modalitate caracteristic\u0103 g\u00e2ndirii medievale: cu ajuorul ei abstractul devine concret, impalpabilul palpabil.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dintre operele reprezentative ale lui Chaucer amintim: \u201eCartea Ducesei\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(o elegie scris\u0103 cu prilejul mor\u021bii so\u021biei protectroului s\u0103u, ducele John of Gaunt), \u201eParlamentul p\u0103s\u0103rilor<\/i>\u201d (poem alegoric care abordeaz\u0103 un subiect tradi\u021bional pentru literatura de curte – judecata dragostei, p\u0103s\u0103rile, simboliz\u00e2nd oamenii, caracteriza\u021bi \u00een spirit ironic \u0219i cu umor),\u00a0\u201eCasa Slavei\u201d<\/i>(un amplu poem didactic), dar \u0219i romanul \u00een versuri \u201eTroilus \u0219i Cresida\u201d\u00a0<\/i>(un roman realist psihologic cu numeroase elemente lirice).<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Cea mai bun\u0103 opera a lui Geoffrey Chaucer r\u0103m\u00e2ne, \u00eens\u0103, \u201ePovestirile din Canterbury\u201d<\/i><\/b>, considerat\u0103 de criticii literari o sintez\u0103 a \u00eentregii literaturi medievale din Anglia. Scris\u0103 la v\u00e2rsta maturit\u0103\u021bii artistice (1387), Chaucer \u00ee\u0219i propune s\u0103 zugr\u0103veasc\u0103 o uria\u0219\u0103 fresc\u0103 a societ\u0103\u021bii timpului s\u0103u, poetul \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u00e2nd o lume contemporan\u0103 \u00een toat\u0103 amploarea \u0219i diversitatea ei, cu \u00eenalta aristrocra\u021bie, cu burghezia Londrei, cu c\u0103lug\u0103ri cer\u0219\u0103tori, negustori etc.<\/span><\/div>\n
Din punct de vedere al construc\u021biei,\u00a0\u201ePovestirile din Canterbury\u201d<\/b><\/i>\u00a0amintesc de \u201eDecameronul<\/i>\u201d lui Boccaccio, cartea fiind o colec\u021bie de povestiri \u0219i nuvele istorisite de personaje puternic individualizate: oamnei din diferite condi\u021bii \u0219i profesii, cu v\u00e2rste diferite, care se deosebesc ca nivel de cultur\u0103, fiecare av\u00e2nd caracterul s\u0103u, manierele, deprinderile, gusturile \u0219i \u00eenclina\u021biile sale. Povestirile sunt experien\u021be de via\u021b\u0103 ale personajelor-narator transpuse cu umor, \u00een stilul specific poetului englez. Personajele sunt oameni vii care \u00eel captiveaz\u0103 pe cititor prin m\u0103rturisirile lor de via\u021b\u0103 din care se desprind deseori \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103turi.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201ePovestirile din Canterbury\u201d<\/b><\/i>\u00a0au fost primul model clasic de realism \u00een literatur\u0103 englez\u0103: \u201e\u00a0Anglia este creatoarea realismului: \u00eenc\u0103 din secolul al XIV-lea, fiul negustorului de vinuri Chaucer,\u2026socotit p\u0103rintele limbii engleze \u0219i \u00eentemeietorul realismului, a compus \u201ePove\u0219tile din Canterbury\u201d, \u00een care a zugr\u0103vit via\u021ba unor oameni care c\u0103l\u0103toreau cu diferite treburi \u2013negustori, v\u00e2n\u0103tori, \u021b\u0103rani etc., copiindu-i direct din natur\u0103\u201d<\/i>(Maxim Gorki, Gorki despre literatur\u0103, articole de critic\u0103 literar\u0103).<\/span><\/div>\n
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Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Geoffrey Chaucer \u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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La v\u00e2rsta adolescen\u021bei, Chaucer pleac\u0103 \u00eentr-o expedi\u021bie militar\u0103 \u00een Fran\u021ba, \u00eens\u0103, nu izbute\u0219te s\u0103-\u0219i arate vitejia pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103. Va fi luat prizonier, dar, t\u00e2n\u0103rul o\u0219tean va fi r\u0103scump\u0103rat \u00een anul urm\u0103tor pentru 240 de lire sterline, str\u00e2nse \u00een parte de tat\u0103l s\u0103u de la diferi\u021bi datornici. La r\u0103scump\u0103rarea lui va contribui cu o sum\u0103 de bani \u00eensu\u0219i regele.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dup\u0103 revenirea \u00een \u021bar\u0103, Chaucer prime\u0219te diferite slujbe la curtea regal\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte din suita unui duce care \u00eei va oferi func\u021bii rentabile: curtean, controlor vamal, func\u021bionar, func\u021bii prin care se va bucura de respectul negustorilor, al aristrocra\u021biei.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen calitate de func\u021bionar de lucr\u0103ri publice (un antreprenor care se ocupa cu repararea cl\u0103dirilor publice) avea \u0219i \u00eendatorirea de a transporta sume mari de bani, se spune c\u0103 ar fi fost jefuit de trei ori, \u00een decursul a patru zile. De\u0219i nu a existat nicio pedeaps\u0103 direct\u0103, va fi destituit din aceast\u0103 func\u021bie. Mai t\u00e2rziu, la maturitate, va \u00eencepe \u0219i o carier\u0103 politic\u0103, deseori fiind trimis \u00een misiuni diplomatice, c\u0103l\u0103torind \u00een afara grani\u021belor \u021b\u0103rii; aceste c\u0103l\u0103torii vor avea o \u00eensemn\u0103tate deosebit\u0103 asupra l\u0103rgirii orizontului s\u0103u creator, spiritual.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/b>Via\u021ba lui, \u00eens\u0103, nu va fi mereu \u00eencununat\u0103 de un trai bun \u0219i de aten\u021bie din partea regelui.<\/span><\/div>\n
Se va c\u0103s\u0103tori cu domni\u0219oara de onoare a reginei \u0219i sora so\u021biei protectorului s\u0103u, ducele John of Gaunt cu care va avea dou\u0103 fete \u0219i doi b\u0103ie\u021bi. C\u0103s\u0103toria nu a fost una din dragoste, ci, poate, doar din interes. Poet fiind, Chaucer nu i-a dedicat tovar\u0103\u0219ei sale de via\u021b\u0103 niciun vers liric, nicio poezie de dragoste, nici \u00eenainte, nici dup\u0103 c\u0103s\u0103torie, de\u0219i \u00een multe din crea\u021biile sale femeia este un personaj des \u00eent\u00e2lnit, \u00een jurul acesteia \u00eencheg\u00e2ndu-se frumoase pove\u0219ti de dragoste (a se vedea opera \u201eCasa Slavei<\/i>\u201d).<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen cursul vie\u021bii sale, Geofrrey Chaucer a avut de-a face cu toate clasele societ\u0103\u021bii din vremea sa: c\u00e2nd protectorul s\u0103u a fost plecat \u00een Spania, \u00een misiune politic\u0103, acesta nu a mai beneficiat de sprijin financiar \u0219i nici de func\u021bii la palat, fiind alungat de la curte \u0219i mai mult de at\u00e2t, nu i s-a mai pl\u0103tit pensia.<\/span><\/div>\n
Perioada aceasta a vie\u021bii sale \u00eel va face s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 \u0219i un alt trai. Vl\u0103star al mediului burghez, Chaucer se va adapta destul de greu la o alt\u0103 via\u021b\u0103, mai auster\u0103, \u00eens\u0103, salvarea sa vine din implicarea mai acerb\u0103 \u00een lumea scrisului. Va lua contact mai des cu lumea or\u0103\u0219\u0103neasc\u0103 a Londrei, va cunoa\u0219te poporul, oamenii simplii, care vor deveni eroii c\u0103r\u021bilor sale, al\u0103turi de burghezi, negustori sau reprezentan\u021bi ai clerului.<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u00e2nd pe tronul Angliei s-a urcat un nou rege, Henri al IV-lea, Chaucer i-a adresat o poezie cu caracter comic, pl\u00e2ng\u00e2ndu-se de s\u0103r\u0103cia \u00een care se g\u0103sea, poezia se nume\u0219te \u201eJalba lui Chaucer c\u0103tre punga sa goal\u0103\u201d. Noul rege va da ascultare cererii b\u0103tr\u00e2nului poet \u0219i sus\u021bin\u0103tor al casei sale, \u0219i va ordona s\u0103 i se pl\u0103teasc\u0103 pensia de alt\u0103dat\u0103 pe care i-a \u0219i sporit-o. Chaucer, \u00eens\u0103, nu a mai putut beneficia mult\u0103 vreme de pomeniile regelui, deoarece \u00een 1400 va muri (din cauze necunoscute). Va fi \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat \u00een Westminster Abbey, re\u0219edin\u021ba sa afl\u00e2ndu-se pe terenul aba\u021biei. Valoarea sa artistic\u0103 a fost apreciat\u0103 de posteritate, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t spa\u021biul din jurul morm\u00e2ntului s\u0103u a fost numit mai t\u00e2rziu\u00a0Poets ‘Corner<\/b>.<\/span><\/div>\n
Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
A.Anixt, \u201eIstoria literaturii engleze\u201d, Editura \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1961;<\/span><\/div>\n
G. An\u021bi\u0219, \u201eScriitori str\u0103ini, Mic Dic\u021bionar\u201d, Editura \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1981;<\/span><\/div>\n
G.Chaucer, \u201ePovestirile din Canterbury\u201d, Editura pentru literatur\u0103 universal\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1969;<\/span><\/div>\n
Zoe Dumitrescu-Bu\u0219ulenga, \u201eCrestoma\u021bie de literatur\u0103 universal\u0103 pentru \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntul preuniversitar \u0219i universitar\u201d, Editura Diacon Coresi, Bucure\u0219ti, 1993;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Geoffrey-Chaucer<\/a>,<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poets\/geoffrey-chaucer<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.biography.com\/writer\/geoffrey-chaucer<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a0s-a n\u0103scut \u00een jurul anului 1343, \u00een Londra, Regatul Angliei, \u0219i va deceda \u00een anul 1400, … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4089,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-picaturi-albastre"],"yoast_head":"\nGEOFFREY CHAUCER \u2013 ultimul poet al evului mediu \u0219i primul poet al noilor timpuri - For Life - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/platon-adevaratul-rege-al-filozofiei-grecesti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta 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