{"id":4066,"date":"2021-12-04T21:55:10","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:55:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4066"},"modified":"2021-12-04T21:55:10","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:55:10","slug":"dante-alighieri-si-petrarca-francesco-ars-amandi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/dante-alighieri-si-petrarca-francesco-ars-amandi\/","title":{"rendered":"DANTE ALIGHIERI \u0219i PETRARCA FRANCESCO \u2013 ARS AMANDI"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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DANTE ALIGHIER<\/b>I<\/span><\/div>\n
Repere biografice:<\/b>\u00a0n\u0103scut \u00een 1265 (decedat \u00een 1321) la Floren\u021ba, a fost un poet \u0219i filosof italian, om politic florentin, cel mai mare scriitor european din Evul Mediu.<\/span><\/div>\n
Via\u021ba lui Dante Alighieri este str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de evenimentele politice din Floren\u021ba, era un om implicat politic \u0219i s-a remarcat prin duritatea cu care \u00ee\u0219i elimina rivalii. \u00centr-o perioad\u0103 de nelini\u0219te \u00een Floren\u021ba, el a ales s\u0103 se implice activ \u00een lupta pentru putere \u00een conflictul Guelfii-Ghibelinii, primii sus\u021binu\u021bi de papalitate, ultimii de Sf\u00e2ntul Imperiu Roman. Pe fondul implic\u0103ri lui \u00een disputele politice, Dante va ajunge s\u0103 fie trimis \u00een exil \u0219i s\u0103 p\u0103r\u0103seasc\u0103 ora\u0219ul natal Floren\u021ba, \u00een care nu va reveni niciodat\u0103. Petrece cea mai mare parte a exilului \u00een Verona, iar sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii \u0219i-l va g\u0103si \u00een Ravenna.<\/span><\/div>\n
Prima oper\u0103 important\u0103 a lui Dante, \u201eVita Nuova\u201d<\/i>\u00a0(\u201eVia\u021ba nou\u0103\u201d), a fost scris\u0103 \u00eentre 1292 \u0219i 1293, oper\u0103 \u00een care se vorbe\u0219te despre o re\u00eennoirea vital\u0103 a poetului dup\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu fiin\u021ba iubit\u0103, Beatrice. Volumul con\u021bine 31 sonete \u0219i \u201ecanzoni\u201d reunite prin intermediul a 42 de comentarii \u00een proz\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
O alt\u0103 lucrare a sa foarte cunoscut\u0103 este \u201eLe Rime\u201d,<\/i>\u00a0o culegere de versuri \u00een care sunt reunite poezii din tinere\u021be, o grupare de poezii pe teme filozofice, \u00een form\u0103 de dialoguri cu personaje alegorice, denumite \u201eJusti\u021bia Divin\u0103\u201d, \u201eJusti\u021bia Uman\u0103\u201d \u0219i \u201eLegea\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dante Alighieri este cunoscut mai ales pentru monumentalul poem epic\u00a0La commedia<\/b><\/i>, numit mai t\u00e2rziu\u00a0La divina commedia.<\/b><\/i>\u00a0Divina Comedie\u00a0<\/b>a lui Dante, o capodoper\u0103 a literaturii medievale, reprezint\u0103 o viziune profund cre\u015ftin\u0103 asupra destinului temporal \u015fi etern al omului. La nivel personal, crea\u021bia se bazeaz\u0103 pe experien\u0163a exilului tr\u0103it\u0103 de c\u0103tre poet departe de ora\u015ful s\u0103u natal, iar \u00een planul de profunzime, opera trebuie citit\u0103 ca o alegorie, sub forma unei c\u0103l\u0103torii imaginare \u00een cele trei compartimente ale lumii de dup\u0103 moarte (Infernul, Purgatoriul, Paradisul), \u00een care poetul se \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te cu personaje mitologice, istorice sau contemporane lui. Astfel, fiecare personaj este reprezentantul unei virtu\u021bi sau al unui viciu, situarea \u00een una din cele trei lumi fiind simbolic\u0103, ca r\u0103splat\u0103 sau pedeaps\u0103. Dante este c\u0103l\u0103uzit prin Infern \u0219i Purgatoriu de c\u0103tre poetul Virgiliu, simbol al \u00een\u021belepciunii. \u00cen cel de al treilea t\u0103r\u00e2m, Dante va fi \u00eenso\u021bit de Beatrice – fiin\u021ba pe care a adorat-o toat\u0103 via\u021ba, de\u0219i a fost c\u0103s\u0103torit cu o alt\u0103 femeie care i-a d\u0103ruit patru copii – fiind instrumentul voin\u021bei divine, ea este cea care \u00eel ajut\u0103 s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 drumul spre Paradis – acolo unde \u00een\u021belege c\u0103 iubirea \u201emi\u0219c\u0103 sori \u0219i stele \u201d(l\u2019amor che muove il sole e l\u2019altre stelle).<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
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Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Dante\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
S-a n\u0103scut \u00een zodia Gemenilor, provenind dintr-o familie de rang nobil modest.<\/span><\/div>\n
La v\u00e2rsta de nou\u0103 ani, o \u00eent\u00e2lne\u0219te pe frumoasa Beatrice Portinari, de care se va \u00eendr\u0103gosti. De\u0219i se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc doar de trei ori, \u00een via\u021b\u0103, Dante va transpune imaginea acestei frumoase florentine \u00een capodopera sa \u201eDivina Comedie\u201d<\/i>. Beatrice devine o figur\u0103 prin care<\/span><\/div>\n
Dante a creat una dintre cele mai celebre femei din toat\u0103 literatura.<\/span><\/div>\n
La v\u00e2rsta de 18 ani, elaborase deja prima sa lucrare \u00een versuri, ajung\u00e2nd s\u0103 creeze, pe parcursul vie\u021bii, at\u00e2t \u00een limba latin\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een italian\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Giovanni Boccaccio, \u00een lucrarea \u201eTrattatello in laude di Dante\u201d<\/i>\u00a0\u00eel descrie ca fiind un b\u0103rbat de statur\u0103 medie, cu un nas acvilin, ochi mari, pielea brun\u0103, p\u0103rul negru, cu o fa\u021ba prelung\u0103, \u00eeng\u00e2ndurt\u0103 \u0219i mereu melancolic\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen via\u021ba de familie, dar \u0219i cea public\u0103 era cunoscut ca fiind un b\u0103rbat ordonat, calm \u0219i curtenitor.<\/span><\/div>\n
Cit\u00e2ndu-l pe acela\u0219i Giovanni Boccaccio, Dante aplica \u00een via\u021b\u0103 principiul\u00a0\u201eM\u0103n\u00e2nc\u0103 pentru a tr\u0103i, nu tr\u0103i pentru a m\u00e2nca!\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
L-au pasionat scrierile lui Cicero, Socrate, Aristotel, Platon, Dante fiind dedicat cunoa\u0219terii, av\u00e2nd o memorie extraordinar\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Moare la v\u00e2rsta de 56 de ani, \u00een septembrie 1321, de malarie, la Ravenna.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>
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FRANCESCO PETRARCA<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Repere biografice:<\/b>\u00a0s-a n\u0103scut \u00een 1304 la Arezzo, Italia \u0219i moare \u00een 1374 \u00een Arquata, Republica Vene\u021bia.<\/span><\/div>\n
Francesco Petrarca a fost un prozator, poet \u0219i umanist italian din secolul al XIV-lea, unul din cei mai importan\u021bi poe\u021bi lirici ai literaturii italiene, dar \u0219i printre primii umani\u0219ti din istoria literaturii europene.<\/span><\/div>\n
Este autor de versuri \u0219i proz\u0103 scrise \u00een limba latin\u0103 vulgar\u0103, disting\u00e2ndu-se\u00a0\u201eAfrica\u201d<\/i>, poem\u0103 eroic\u0103, al\u0103turi de \u201e\u00a0Epistolae metricae\u201d<\/i>\u00a0care cuprinde 66 de scrisori \u00een care sunt relatate evenimente politice \u0219i literare, unele inspirate din via\u021ba autorului.<\/span><\/div>\n
Cea mai valoroas\u0103 crea\u021bie a sa este considerat\u0103 a fi\u00a0Il Canzoniere<\/b>, ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 cu titlul \u201eCan\u021bonierul”<\/b>, o culegere care cuprinde \u00een cea mai mare parte sonete, balade, sextine ce au drept con\u021binut exprimarea pasiunii lui Petrarca pentru Laura de Noves, o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 italianc\u0103, de care va fi \u00eendr\u0103gostit pentru tot restul vie\u021bii.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Petrarca\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Petrarca a studiat dreptul, \u00eenscriindu-se la universitate, dar nu \u00ee\u0219i finalizeaz\u0103 studiile.<\/span><\/div>\n
Pe parcursul a 12 ani, va c\u0103l\u0103tori \u0219i va studia \u00een diferite ora\u0219e din Italia: Roma, Napoli, Verona, Padova, timpul petrec\u00e2ndu-l \u00een biblioteci, astfel, t\u00e2n\u0103rul erudit ajunge s\u0103 asimileze cuno\u0219tin\u021be din operele marilor clasici italieni, dar \u0219i din cele ale personalit\u0103\u021bilor Evului Mediu.<\/span><\/div>\n
Pentru el, latina este aproape a doua limb\u0103 pe care o folose\u0219te \u0219i pentru a lua noti\u021be, iat\u0103 de ce o mare parte din crea\u021biile sale sunt scrise \u00een aceast\u0103 limb\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
La v\u00e2rsta de 23 de ani, o va \u00eent\u00e2lni pe frumoasa Laura de Noves, o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 de o frumuse\u021be angelic\u0103, cu p\u0103rul blond \u0219i piele alb\u0103 ca z\u0103pada de care se va \u00eendr\u0103gosti \u0219i care \u00eei va deveni muz\u0103 \u00een lucrarea intitulat\u0103 \u201eCan\u021bonierul\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
A fost foarte implicat \u00een via\u021ba politic\u0103 \u0219i cultural\u0103 a epocii sale.<\/span><\/div>\n
Petrarca dedic\u0103 o parte din studii literaturii religioase, citind vie\u021bile \u0219i operele Sfin\u021bilor, de acea, \u00een multe din lucr\u0103rile sale, el mediteaz\u0103 la soarta sufletului \u0219i la valoarea religiei .<\/span><\/div>\n
Petrarca a tr\u0103it ultimii ani ai vie\u021bii sale \u00een jurul Padovei, \u00eens\u0103 a murit \u00een Arqu\u00e0, la v\u00e2rsta de 70 de ani, \u00een onoarea sa, acest ora\u0219 se nume\u0219te acum Arqu\u00e0 Petrarca.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Dante \u0219i Petrarca – Ars amandi (arta de a iubi)<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Contextul istorico-politic al anilor \u00een care au tr\u0103it Dante \u0219i Petrarca influen\u021beaz\u0103 nu numai felul lor de a fi, ci \u0219i viziunea acestora.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dante este \u00eenzestrat cu o cunoa\u0219tere enciclopedic\u0103, dovad\u0103 fiind operele sale \u00een care \u00ee\u0219i exprim\u0103 pasiunea pentru cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i dificultatea de a o atinge.<\/span><\/div>\n
Petrarca, apropiat de Umanism, \u00ee\u0219i concentreaz\u0103 actul creator asupra omului, insist\u00e2nd cu prec\u0103dere asupra sinelui, asupra profunzimilor interioare ale artistului care este descris \u00een mod special \u00een capodopera sa\u00a0Canzoniere.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Dante \u0219i Petrarca au, de asemenea, o concep\u021bie diferit\u0103 despre rolul \u0219i esen\u021ba poetului, dar \u0219i despre literatur\u0103. De pild\u0103, Dante este interesat s\u0103-\u0219i dezvolte permanent cuno\u0219tin\u021bele pe care \u0219i le procur\u0103 \u0219i le \u00eembog\u0103\u021be\u0219te prin lectur\u0103 continu\u0103, astfel, \u00een viziunea sa literatura se \u00eentrep\u0103trunde cu principiile sale despre credin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moral\u0103. \u00cen schimb, Petrarca, adeptul analizei psihologiei \u0219i condi\u021biei umane, este convins de valoarea autonom\u0103 a literaturii \u0219i consider\u0103 poezia ca un mijloc de purificare.<\/span><\/div>\n
Viziunea asupra iubirii la cei doi mari poe\u021bi<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
A\u0219a cum am specificat mai devreme, experien\u021ba poetic\u0103, dar \u0219i \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103 a lui Dante \u0219i a lui Petrarca se \u00eenv\u00e2rt \u00een jurul figurilor a dou\u0103 femei, Beatrice Portinari \u0219i Laura de Noves. Ambele, \u00een felul lor, reflect\u0103 personalitatea autorilor care le-au reprezentat \u00een operele lor, \u00een dou\u0103 perioade foarte specifice ale istoriei.<\/span><\/div>\n
Beatrice este reprezentarea femeii angelice, purt\u0103toare a \u00een\u0103l\u021b\u0103rii spirituale, aspira\u021bie la frumuse\u021bea divin\u0103; ea nu face parte din lumea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103, este doar o proiec\u021bie imaginar\u0103 care \u00ee\u0219i tr\u0103ie\u0219te splendoarea dup\u0103 moartea sa. Dante a ales ca Beatrice s\u0103 nu fie niciodat\u0103 descris\u0103 fizic, ea fiind doar un simbol al apropierii de Dumnezeu. Dragostea lui Dante pentru Beatrice este un fel de \u00een\u0103l\u021bare moral\u0103 \u0219i spiritual\u0103, iar \u00eent\u00e2lnirea cu ea \u00een Paradis descrie de fapt, efectele pe care le provoac\u0103 iubirea fa\u021b\u0103 de Divinitate asupra lui.<\/span><\/div>\n
Laura lui Petrarca, \u00een schimb, este cunoscut\u0103 \u00een lumea p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103, este o femeie fermec\u0103toare, o fiin\u021b\u0103 real\u0103, nu un \u00eenger. Mai presus de toate, observ\u0103m la Petrarca cum frumuse\u021bea Laurei sufer\u0103 sub ac\u021biunea timpului \u0219i eroina este descris\u0103 dintr-o perspectiv\u0103 complet natural\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Femeia lui Petrarca provoac\u0103 agita\u021bie constant\u0103 poetului. Dragostea lui pentru frumoasa doamn\u0103 nu \u00eel duce c\u0103tre Dumnezeu, mai mult, pare c\u0103 \u00eel \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 de acesta, c\u0103 \u00eei creeaz\u0103 \u00eendoieli \u0219i drame spirituale. Moartea Laurei (\u00een realitate, aceasta moare \u00een timpul epidemiei de cium\u0103, de la 1348) este un sf\u00e2r\u0219it tragic al tuturor dorin\u021belor p\u0103m\u00e2nte\u0219ti pentru Petrarca.<\/span><\/div>\n
Mai mult de at\u00e2t, la umanistul Petrarca, iubirea este o tr\u0103ire senzual\u0103, deci p\u0103m\u00e2nteasc\u0103 \u0219i, prin urmare, tr\u0103it\u0103 continuu ca p\u0103cat, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, iubirea este \u0219i o chestiune de investigare a sinelui, experien\u021ba dragostei fiind un simbol al experien\u021belor sentimentale, intelectuale \u0219i religioase, adunate toate la un loc.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dac\u0103 Petrarca prin iubire \u00ee\u0219i examineaz\u0103 sentimentele contradictorii dintre credin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i dorin\u021b\u0103, iubirea lui Dante, pe de alt\u0103 parte, este perceput\u0103 ca un instrument pentru a ajunge la Dumnezeu, este purt\u0103toarea m\u00e2ntuirii eterne.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ceea ce trebuie re\u021binut este c\u0103 pentru cei doi mari arti\u0219ti, femeia este capabil\u0103 s\u0103 transfigureze \u00eentreaga lume a unui individ, aceast\u0103 muz\u0103 modific\u0103 total geniul creator, respectiv universal s\u0103u spiritual.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen celebra sa carte, Istoria literaturii italiene, Francesco de Sanctis nota \u201e\u00a0Fiin\u0163e t\u0103cute \u015fi nedefinite c\u00e2t\u0103 vreme tr\u0103iesc, Beatrice \u015fi Laura \u00eencep s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 numai atunci c\u00e2nd mor.\u201d\u00a0<\/i>Cele dou\u0103 eroine reprezint\u0103 un prototip al femeii-ideale, o ipostaz\u0103 sublim\u0103 a iubirii \u0219i o surs\u0103 a inspira\u021biei.<\/span><\/div>\n
Dar pentru a descoperi frumuse\u021bea acestor dou\u0103 pove\u0219ti de iubire, v\u0103 invit la lectur\u0103. Ce poate fi mai frumos dec\u00e2t s\u0103 descoperi o alt\u0103 lume \u00een care iubirea este cel mai \u00een\u0103l\u021b\u0103tor sentiment uman!<\/span><\/div>\n
\u0218i \u00eenchei cu Dante care spunea \u201eCu c\u00e2t mai mult\u0103 dragoste afl\u0103 sufletul, cu at\u00e2t mai mult\u0103 d\u0103ruie\u015fte, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce devenim mai cura\u0163i \u015fi mai deschi\u015fi, bucuria dragostei ajunge s\u0103 fie tot mai complet\u0103.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
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Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Dante Alighieri, \u201eDivina Comedia\u201d, Editura Gramar, 2011;<\/span><\/div>\n
Petrarca Francesco \u201eCan\u021bonierul\u201d, Editura Humanitas, 2011;<\/span><\/div>\n
Francesco de Sanctis, \u201eIstoria literaturii italiene\u201d, Editura Pentru Literatura Universal\u0103, 1965;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.studenti.it\/dante-petrarca-confronto.html<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.studenti.it\/petrarca-vita-opere.html<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dante_Alighieri<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francesco_Petrarca<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.skuola.net\/…\/medi…\/amore-dante-petrarca.html<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu DANTE ALIGHIERI Repere biografice:\u00a0n\u0103scut \u00een 1265 (decedat \u00een 1321) la Floren\u021ba, a fost un poet \u0219i filosof … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4069,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-picaturi-albastre"],"yoast_head":"\nDANTE ALIGHIERI \u0219i PETRARCA FRANCESCO \u2013 ARS AMANDI - For Life - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/dante-alighieri-si-petrarca-francesco-ars-amandi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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