{"id":4044,"date":"2021-12-04T21:12:43","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4044"},"modified":"2021-12-04T21:15:57","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:15:57","slug":"socrate-filosoful-in-cetate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/socrate-filosoful-in-cetate\/","title":{"rendered":"SOCRATE – Filosoful \u00een cetate"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:<\/b>\u00a0A tr\u0103it la Atena, \u00eentre 469 \u0219i 399 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een perioada numit\u0103 \u201eSecolul de aur al lui Pericle\u201d<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\n
A fost cel mai mare filosof al Antichit\u0103\u021bii, fondator al filosofiei occidentale. Nu a scris niciodat\u0103 nimic, el a profesat o \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 exclusiv oral\u0103 \u0219i tot ceea ce cunoa\u0219tem despre g\u00e2ndirea sa, am aflat din scrierile discipolilor s\u0103i. Mai \u00eent\u00e2i, prin intermediul lui Platon, autor al \u201eDialogurilor socratice\u201d<\/i>, c\u00e2t \u0219i prin scrierile \u201esocratice\u201d<\/i>\u00a0ale istoricului Xenofon care a consemnat conversa\u021biile purtate de filosof cu concet\u0103\u021benii s\u0103i.<\/span><\/div>\n
Pentru Socrate, orice cunoa\u0219tere esen\u0163ial\u0103 se supune \u00eendemnului \u00eenscris pe frontispiciul templului ce ad\u0103postea oracolul din Delphi: \u201eCunoa\u015fte-te pe tine \u00eensu\u0163i\u201d<\/i>.<\/span><\/div>\n
El i-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat pe oameni s\u0103 deosebeasc\u0103 binele de r\u0103u, adev\u0103rul de minciun\u0103, cinstea de necinste; s\u0103 fie virtuo\u0219i, s\u0103-\u0219i iubeasc\u0103 patria, s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 pe ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i. A respectat legile bune sau rele \u0219i i-a \u00eendemnat \u0219i pe al\u021bii s\u0103 le respecte; s-a r\u0103zboit cu propriile vicii \u0219i cu viciile altora, duc\u00e2nd o via\u021b\u0103 modest\u0103, de om simplu. Nu a nedrept\u0103\u021bit pe nimeni! \u0218i totu\u0219i, acest om a fost condamnat la moarte de concet\u0103\u021benii lui.<\/span><\/div>\n
Care a fost gre\u0219eala lui Socrate?! Cu ce s-a f\u0103cut el at\u00e2t de vinovat fa\u021b\u0103 de \u021bara sa, \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 i se aplice pedeapsa maxim\u0103?! Prietenii \u0219i \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103ceii s\u0103i afirm\u0103 c\u0103 a fost victima unei cumplite nedrept\u0103\u021bi.<\/span><\/div>\n
Cu ce a gre\u0219it Socrate ca s\u0103 ajung\u0103 s\u0103 fie condamnat cu moartea, a\u0219a cum se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 doar \u00een cazul criminalilor!?<\/span><\/div>\n
Actul de acuzare din timpul procesului \u00eel f\u0103cea pe Socrate vinovat de crima de a nu recunoa\u0219te zeii recunoscu\u021bi de cetate \u0219i de a introduce divinit\u0103\u021bi noi; \u00een plus, se face vinovat de coruperea tinerilor. Pedeapsa cerut\u0103 a fost \u201eMoartea!”<\/span><\/div>\n
Socrate a stat \u00eenl\u0103n\u021buit 30 de zile, dar \u00een fiecare zi primea vizita prietenilor \u0219i se \u00eentre\u021binea cu ace\u0219tia \u00een conversa\u021bii \u00eenalte. Apropia\u021bii s\u0103i nu au stat degeaba \u0219i au preg\u0103tit un plan de evadare pe care, \u00eens\u0103, Socrate \u00eel refuz\u0103. La data execut\u0103rii sentin\u021bei, to\u021bi prietenii lui Socrate erau de fa\u021b\u0103 cu excep\u021bia lui Aristippos, a lui Xenofon, aflat \u00een Asia \u0219i a lui Platon, bolnav. El a fost obligat s\u0103 bea o fiertur\u0103 otr\u0103vitoare de cucut\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Socrate \u00ee\u0219i dedic\u0103 ultimele clipe conversa\u021biei cu prietenii s\u0103i pe tema nemuririi sufletului. Socrate se \u00eemb\u0103iaz\u0103 pentru ultima oar\u0103 \u0219i refuz\u0103 s\u0103 a\u0219tepte ca soarele s\u0103 fi disp\u0103rut cu totul la orizont \u00eenainte de a bea otrav\u0103. Apuc\u00e2nd cu o m\u00e2n\u0103 sigur\u0103 vasul cu cucut\u0103, el a sorbit f\u0103r\u0103 ezitare sau repulsie b\u0103utura mortal\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Condamnarea \u00een\u021beleptului \u0219i moartea lui (399 \u00ee.e.n.) a umplut de m\u00e2hnire pe to\u021bi concet\u0103\u021benii care l-au cunoscut.<\/span><\/div>\n
Socrate nu este doar un filosof, este de asemenea un simbol al celui care este gata s\u0103 moar\u0103 pentru ideile sale, pentru g\u00e2ndirea sa. El este un exemplu de devotament fa\u021b\u0103 de filosofie \u0219i un model de des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ire moral\u0103. Prin moartea pe care \u0219i-a asumat-o, d\u0103 valoare unei vie\u021bi demne.<\/span><\/div>\n
Filosofia lui Socrate<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
G\u00e2ndirea socratic\u0103 graviteaz\u0103 \u00een jurul cunoa\u0219terii de sine –\u00a0Gnothi se authon<\/i>. Esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru om este capacitatea sa de a intra \u00een rela\u021bie de dialog, Socrate pun\u00e2nd pe prim plan sufletul, iar nu corpul.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen\u021beleptul vorbe\u0219te despre sine \u0219i despre nevoia sa de a \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba toat\u0103 via\u021ba, pornind de la principiul pe care el \u00eensu\u0219i l-a invocat:\u201eTot ceea ce \u0219tiu este c\u0103 nu \u0219tiu nimic, dar \u0219tiu c\u0103 pot \u0219ti mai mult dec\u00e2t \u0219tiu.\u201d<\/i>\u00a0Astfel, suntem \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba\u021bi c\u0103, dac\u0103 vom c\u0103uta s\u0103 ne cunoa\u0219tem c\u00e2t mai bine, reflect\u00e2nd la propria noastr\u0103 existen\u021b\u0103, vom descoperi fericirea, starea de plenitudine interioar\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Socrate nu dore\u0219te s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 Adev\u0103rul, el se simte dator \u0219i responsabil s\u0103 \u00eencurajeze \u0219i la ceilal\u021bi procesul cunoa\u0219terii de sine. De aceea, \u00eel reg\u0103sim de fiecare dat\u0103 \u00een locuri publice, adres\u00e2nd tuturor \u00eentreb\u0103ri iscoditoare, nea\u0219teptate, uneori incomode, dar care oblig\u0103 la reflec\u021bie despre aspecte cu adev\u0103rat valoroase.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Socrate\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
o \u00cen tinere\u021bea sa a fost un soldat viteaz. Se spune c\u0103 \u00een timpul unei lupte c\u00e2nd atenienii s-au retras, el a mers cu spatele, ca s\u0103-\u0219i poat\u0103 \u00eenfrunta \u00een continuare inamicul.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Pe c\u00e2mpul de lupt\u0103, a salvat via\u021ba unor personalit\u0103\u021bi ale momentului, \u0219i, de\u0219i ace\u0219tia au dorit s\u0103-l r\u0103spl\u0103teasc\u0103, Socrate nu a acceptat vreo recompens\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Nu a fost un b\u0103rbat atr\u0103g\u0103tor, avea un nas gras \u0219i ochii bomba\u021bi.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Purta acelea\u0219i haine zile la r\u00e2nd.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Nu a fost niciodat\u0103 m\u00e2nios, sup\u0103rat sau ostil fa\u021b\u0103 de cei care l-au atacat, \u00eens\u0103, uneori, le r\u0103spundea cu o fin\u0103 ironie \u0219i cu replici r\u0103mase anecdotice.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Era cunoscut pentru petrecerea timpului cu tinerii boga\u021bi din Atena, care \u00eel apreciau nespus.<\/span><\/div>\n
o Oracolul din Delphi l-a socotit pe Socrate cel mai \u00een\u021belept om din Atena.<\/span><\/div>\n
o A devenit celebru prin afirma\u021bia:\u00a0\u201eTot ceea ce \u0219tiu este c\u0103 nu \u0219tiu nimic! \u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
o Socrate adora dansul. Disciplolul s\u0103u, renumitul istoric atenian Xenophon, a relatat despre admira\u021bia profund\u0103 a mentorului s\u0103u pentru un t\u00e2n\u0103r dansator din Syracusan, care a \u00eentre\u021binut atmosfera la o petreceredin 360 \u00ee..e.n.\u00a0\u201e\u00cen timp ce dansa, nicio parte a corpului s\u0103u nu a r\u0103mas nemi\u0219cat\u0103; g\u00e2tul, picioarele \u0219i m\u00e2inile la un loc, toate erau exersate. A\u0219a trebuie s\u0103 danseze un om, un om care vrea s\u0103-\u0219i p\u0103streze mintea \u0219i corpul u\u0219oare<\/i>\u201d, nota el.<\/span><\/div>\n
Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Platon,\u00a0Dialoguri socratice<\/i>, Editura Humanitas, 2015;<\/span><\/div>\n
Xenofon,\u00a0Amintiri despre Socrat<\/i>e, Editura Univers,1987;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrate<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.noua-acropola.ro\/socrate-10\/<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.dcnews.ro\/faprc-c8prc-9ba-necunoscuta-a-celor…<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a0A tr\u0103it la Atena, \u00eentre 469 \u0219i 399 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een perioada numit\u0103 \u201eSecolul de aur al … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4047,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4044","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-picaturi-albastre"],"yoast_head":"\nSOCRATE - Filosoful \u00een cetate - For Life - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/socrate-filosoful-in-cetate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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\u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/socrate-filosoful-in-cetate\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"SOCRATE - Filosoful \u00een cetate - For Life - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii","og_description":"de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a0A tr\u0103it la Atena, \u00eentre 469 \u0219i 399 \u00ee.Hr., \u00een perioada numit\u0103 \u201eSecolul de aur al …","og_url":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/en\/socrate-filosoful-in-cetate\/","og_site_name":"For Life - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 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